Today there is a well-established development ‘industry’ spanning NGOs, state actors, academics, and – increasingly – corporations. Each has their own models of how to help the ‘bottom billion’ escape crushing poverty and these models are increasingly competing for political support, media attention, and donor money. This session will explore the obstacles to economic development from the perspective of empowerment, and will also offer real examples of projects that have created lasting impact. Which models really work and why?